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Feeding Management
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- Feed alone constitute 60 per cent of the production cost of milk. Hence, feeding management play a vital role in farm economy.
- The nutrient requirement should be determined for maintenance as well as for milk production and to meet the fat percentage
in milk and gestation.
- Based on the nutrient requirement ration should be computed.
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1.Type of Feed Ingredients
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1.Concentrates
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Energy rich: Grains like maize, barley, oats bajra
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Protein rich:Protein is essential for growth of animals and production of milk
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Source: Oilseed cakes like ground cake, mustard cake, linseed cake, cottonseed cake, soya cake etc
By-products: Rice bran, Wheat bran, rice police, pulses chunnies
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2.Roughages
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Dry roughages:Hay like lucerne, oats, berseem, cowpea, sorghum amd mixed grasses and straws like wheat, oat and paddy
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Green roughages: Legumes like Lucerne, fodder-cowpea, berseem and cereals like sorghum, bajra, maize and
grasses like Para grass, Hybrid Napier, guinea grass etc
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2.Feeding of Animals at Different
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1.Heifer
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After completion of 12 months calf will become heifer. Heifer should be fed economically on the forage based rations.
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If good quality forages are not available provide concentrate to meet the requirements.
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Under feeding leads to stunted growth, delayed onset of puberty, delayed calving and less number of calves.
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Over feeding leads to obesity and other breeding problems.
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2.Pregnant
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Feeding Cows in late lactation and Dry period A cow should receive well balanced feed during this period
for growth of the animal if she is pregnant heifer, for growth of the foetus, for forming sufficient body reserves for ensuing lactation
and for production of colostrum when she calves next. From 7.5 – 10 months of lactation, cows may be fed 1 to 2 concentrate feed in addition
to their nutrient requirements for maintenance and milk production. The cows may be made to gain 20-25 kg body weight during this period.
During dry period cows should receive sufficient quantities of good quality green fodder to provide enough of the precursor for vitamin A.
They also need salt, calcium, phosphorus and wherever deficiencies occur the other minerals. When leguminous roughages are fed in large
quantities wheat bran has to be supplemented. But when non leguminous roughages predominately bone meal or di calcium phosphate may be
added to the ration as these will supply calcium and phosphorus.
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Feeding of pregnant animals In later stages of pregnancy, high quality roughages and concentrates should be
provided. Starvation during this period may result in metabolic disorders. Crude Fibre content of feed should be less and have laxative
effect before parturition. Concentrate mixture should be fed about one percent of the body weight along with high quality forages.
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3.Mich Animals
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If adlibitum supply of good quality leguminous fodder is available, no extra concentrates are necessary up to 10 kg milk
production in cows and 7 kg in buffalo’s .
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Above that, the cows may be fed 1 kg concentrate for every 2.5 kg milk production.
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Buffaloes require 1 kg concentrate for every 2 kg milk.
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But this is the thumb rule, actual feeding may be done on the basis of the requirements calculated as per the feeding standards.
Provide 20% and 10 % extra allowance in first and second lactation respectively.
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